The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a computer that handles all instructions it receives from hardware and software. It executes programs, performs calculations, and manages data flow within the system.
CPU architecture refers to the design and instruction set that defines how the processor operates. Common architectures include:
| Term | Description |
|---|---|
| Cores | Independent processing units inside the CPU (e.g., 4-core, 8-core) |
| Threads | Virtual versions of CPU cores (via Hyper-Threading / SMT) |
| Clock Speed | Speed of execution measured in GHz (e.g., 3.2 GHz) |
| Cache | Small, fast memory inside CPU (L1, L2, L3 levels) |
| TDP (Thermal Design Power) | Max heat output, used for cooling design |
| Socket Type | Physical interface between CPU and motherboard (e.g., LGA1200, AM4) |
| Process Node | Manufacturing size in nanometers (e.g., 7nm, 10nm) – smaller is more efficient |
A bus is a communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer. The CPU uses several types of buses to communicate with memory, input/output devices, and other processors.
| Bus Type | Function |
|---|---|
| Data Bus | Transfers actual data between CPU and memory or I/O devices |
| Address Bus | Carries the memory addresses that the CPU is accessing |
| Control Bus | Carries control signals like read/write commands |
| Front Side Bus (FSB) | Connects CPU to northbridge (memory controller) in older systems |
| QuickPath Interconnect (QPI) | Intel's high-speed point-to-point connection (replaced FSB) |
| Infinity Fabric | AMD’s interconnect technology between CPU cores, memory controller, and GPU |
| System Bus | A general term that includes data, address, and control buses |
| Feature | Intel | AMD |
|---|---|---|
| Performance | Better single-core (high clock) | More cores/threads per ₹ |
| Price | Generally higher | Better value for money |
| iGPU Availability | Most models have integrated GPU | Limited models (except APUs) |
| Overclocking | Only on "K" series | Most CPUs unlocked |
🧠 A good understanding of CPU specs helps in choosing the right processor for your specific computing needs — whether for gaming, office work, or server tasks.